Level of evidence: Moderate
Suitable for ages: 14+ years old
Indications: Class II bimaxillary retrusive skeletal pattern, Class II dental malocclusion, obstructive sleep apnea or severe upper airway resistance
Contraindications: Protrusive lower facial third or lips
Treatment Objectives and Biomechanics
- Normalisation of upper and lower incisors
- Maxilla and mandible surgical advancement
- Ideal facial and dental finish
- Improvement of airways
Appliances and Surgery
- Fixed appliances
- Bimaxillary surgery (Proffit et al. 1991 & 2007, Milhalik et al. 2003)
